Programming in C
Syntax, pointers, memory management
- Control structures and functions
- Arrays and strings handling
- Dynamic memory allocation (malloc, calloc, realloc)
- File handling in C
OOP in C++
Classes, inheritance, polymorphism
- Constructors, destructors, and friend functions
- Virtual functions and pure virtual functions
- Operator overloading and exception handling
Data Structures
Arrays, linked lists, trees, graphs
- Stack (push/pop) and Queue (enqueue/dequeue) operations
- Tree traversals (Inorder, Preorder, Postorder)
- Graph representations (Adjacency Matrix/List) and traversals (BFS, DFS)
Algorithms
Sorting, searching, dynamic programming
- Time and space complexity analysis (Big O)
- Sorting: Merge Sort, Quick Sort, Heap Sort
- Searching: Binary Search, Hashing
DBMS
SQL, normalization, transactions
- Relational Model and Relational Algebra
- Functional Dependencies and Normal Forms (1NF, 2NF, 3NF, BCNF)
- ACID properties and concurrency control
Operating Systems
Processes, memory, scheduling
- Process states and Inter-Process Communication (IPC)
- CPU Scheduling algorithms (FCFS, SJF, Priority, Round Robin)
- Virtual memory and Paging
- Deadlocks (Prevention, Avoidance, Detection)
Digital Electronics
Logic gates, circuits, design
- Boolean Algebra and K-maps (Karnaugh Maps)
- Combinational Circuits (Adders, Multiplexers, Decoders)
- Sequential Circuits (Flip-Flops, Counters, Registers)
Computer Architecture
CPU, cache, instruction sets
- Data representation (Floating point, Fixed point)
- Pipelining and instruction level parallelism
- Cache memory organization (Mapping techniques)
- I/O organization (DMA, Interrupts)
Computer Networks
OSI model, protocols, TCP/IP
- Networking devices (Hub, Switch, Router)
- IP addressing (IPv4 and IPv6) and Subnetting
- Transport layer protocols (TCP, UDP)
- Application layer protocols (HTTP, DNS, FTP)
Web Technologies
HTML, CSS, JavaScript, HTTP
- HTML5 semantic elements and forms
- CSS layouts (Flexbox and Grid)
- DOM manipulation and AJAX in JavaScript
- Client-server architecture